Green Business Resource Center http://www.communitysmarts.com Tue, 06 Oct 2009 17:38:31 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=2.7.1 en hourly 1 Wind Power Renewable Energy * http://www.communitysmarts.com/wind-power/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/wind-power/#comments Tue, 26 May 2009 06:08:11 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=5
Wind Power Renewable Energy *

The facts about residential wind power
Is there a future for wind power?
Wind power advantages
The disadvantages of wind power
Dispelling 5 wind power myths

The main renewable energy resources that you know about are sunlight (solar energy) and wind energy and perhaps to a lesser extent tidal energy systems and geothermal energy systems. All of these are in some way or another connected to the sun, which is the ultimate life giver on this planet.

The Earth-Atmosphere system is in equilibrium such that heat radiation into space is equal to incoming solar radiation, the resulting level of energy within the Earth-Atmosphere system can roughly be described as the Earth's "climate." The hydrosphere (water) absorbs a major fraction of the incoming radiation. Most radiation is absorbed at low latitudes around the equator, but this energy is dissipated around the globe in the form of winds and ocean currents.

Wave motion may play a role in the process of transferring mechanical energy between the atmosphere and the ocean through wind stress. Solar energy is also responsible for the distribution of precipitation which is tapped by hydroelectric projects, and for the growth of plants used to create biofuels.

The IEA explains it like this:  "Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources."

* Let's first examine wind power as a source of green alternative energy.

A wind turbine needs air, lots of it. A modern wind turbine ranges from 600 KW to 5 MW of rated power, although for commercial use the output range is typically 1.5-3 MW.

Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites. For example, a 1 megawatt turbine with a capacity factor of 35% will not produce 8,760 megawatt-hours in a year, but only 0.35x24x365 = 3,066 MWh, averaging to 0.35 MW. Online data is available for some locations and the capacity factor can be calculated from the yearly output.

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more energy. This number could also increase with higher altitude ground-based or airborne wind turbines.

Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation, such as carbon dioxide and methane.

Wind Power Market

At the end of 2008, worldwide wind farm capacity was 120,791 megawatts (MW), representing an increase of 28.8 percent during the year, and wind power produced some 1.3% of global electricity consumption. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. The United States is an important growth area and installed U.S. wind power capacity reached 25,170 MW at the end of 2008.

Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, in Texas, is the world's largest wind farm at 735.5 MW capacity. It consists of 291 GE Energy 1.5 MW wind turbines and 130 Siemens 2.3 MW wind turbines. A proposed 4,000 MW facility, called the Pampa Wind Project, is to be located near Pampa, Texas.

In the UK, a licence to build the world's largest offshore windfarm, in the Thames estuary, has been granted. The London Array Windfarm, 20 km off Kent and Essex, should eventually consist of 341 turbines, occupying an area of 230 km². This is a £1.5 billion, 1,000 megawatt project, which will power one-third of London homes. The windfarm will produce an amount of energy that, if generated by conventional means, would result in 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions every year. It could also make up to 10% of the Government's 2010 renewables target.

Wind Farms

Wind power is one of the most environmentally friendly sources of renewable energy

A wind farm, when installed on agricultural land, has one of the lowest environmental impacts of all energy sources:

* It occupies less land area per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity generated than any other energy conversion system, apart from   rooftop solar energy, and is compatible with grazing and crops.
* It generates the energy used in its construction in just 3 months of operation, yet its operational lifetime is 20–25 years.
* Greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution produced by its construction are low and declining. There are no emissions or pollution produced by its operation.
* In substituting for base-load coal power, wind power produces a net decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, and a net increase in biodiversity.
* Modern wind turbines are almost silent and rotate so slowly (in terms of revolutions per minute) that they are rarely a hazard to birds.

Studies of birds and offshore wind farms in Europe have found that there are very few bird collisions. Several offshore wind sites in Europe have been in areas heavily used by seabirds. Improvements in wind turbine design, including a much slower rate of rotation of the blades and a smooth tower base instead of perchable lattice towers, have helped reduce bird mortality at wind farms around the world. However older smaller wind turbines may be hazardous to flying birds. Birds are severely impacted by fossil fuel energy; examples include birds dying from exposure to oil spills, habitat loss from acid rain and mountaintop removal coal mining, and mercury poisoning.

What is wind power and how does it work?
The facts about residential wind power
Is there a future for wind power?
Wind power advantages
The disadvantages of wind power
Dispelling 5 wind power myths
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]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/wind-power/feed/ Solar Energy http://www.communitysmarts.com/solar-energy/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/solar-energy/#comments Mon, 25 May 2009 05:17:11 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=13 What is Solar Power?

Pros and cons of solar energy
How Costly is a Solar Power System
Top 5 Reasons to Use Solar Power
Does solar power have a future?
Solar Energy News

What is Solar Power?

The sun is the focal point of our solar system, and provides heat and light to all the planets revolving around it in the form of radiation. The infra red heat rays of the sun are incident on the earth’s surface during the day time. There is a high potential in these incident rays. This potential is harnessed by man in the form of power called the solar power.

Solar power is being used by us in two different forms

1. thermal energy
2. solar electric energy

The thermal energy of the sun is directly used for heating purposes. The application of this can be seen in heating water of swimming pools, either directly during sunny days or indirectly using heat conducting fluids in pipes and transferring the heat to the water in the swimming pool during cloudy days. Thermal energy is also used directly in drying clothes, drying seeds and other food products to keep them from pest attack and improve their shelf life. We also use thermal power for plant growth. Direct heat is also used in cooking food, as in solar cookers. Here a series of heat absorbing black coloured panel is used to absorb rays falling on it. This is reflected on the cooking vessel by a mirror there by  maximising the effect of heat falling on it, solar water heaters also work in a similar fashion but do not have mirrors attached to them.

The energy got from the sun can also be used to produce electricity. This is called the solar electric energy. This energy is harness by using solar panels which in turn are connected to grids that carry the electricity. The electricity producing power of solar energy is called Photovoltis.

Solar electricity can be produced in three different ways.

1. Stand alone system – here panels are set up to absorb the incident solar radiation. This is then converted to electricity. The electricity is not being stored and is rather used directly without the help of a grid. Such systems are useful in situations like that of a lone forest guest house where difficulty may be faced in laying electricity lines. Here the cost of installing solar power panel might work out to be cheaper than laying power lines.

2. Grid connected system – such system is commonly used in houses for use in various small household electrical appliances. Here the produced energy is saved in a grid which can be used later. This helps in a continuous supply of power and can be reliable, and regular use is possible in such a system.

3. Back up system – in situations where the power grid may be unreliable a back up is used. The reason to use backup may be due to frequent power failures. In such conditions, most of the household appliances are connected to the backup system, if there is a power failure they take up energy from the solar batteries. This can also be used in community lighting and other larger power requirement can be fulfilled.

Pros and cons of solar energy
Pros and cons of solar energy

As all other energy sources solar energy also has its own pros and cons. The various pros of solar energy are as given below:

• Pollution free – The most important advantage is that it does not produce any harmful gases or effluents during power production. This is important in current context of growing importance of ozone layer depletion and global warming etc.
• Renewable source of energy – solar energy is the harnessing of energy received from the sun, thus it is renewable, and does not get over when used, unlike other fossil fuels which become lesser and lesser over time and becomes extinct completely.
• Energy can be harnessed in remote areas – The best feature of solar energy is that it can be harnessed in very remote areas, where every other form of energy production is risky or not possible at all. An example of this is the production of electricity in satellites.
• Does not require special area/place to install – Installation of solar panels does not require special or large areas, the panels can be installed in the roof tops of buildings.
• Free source to produce energy – Solar energy need not be bought, it is free of cost. The installation process is the only stage where money is spent.
• Dependence on fossil fuel is reduced – the emergence of solar energy has reduced the high dependence on the fossil fuels which is becoming very costly.
• Reduces health costs – increased use of solar energy reduces the cost spent on health indirectly because there is no emissions like carbon, sulphur di oxide, etc and also acid rains.
• Independent working – once installed the solar panels work on their own and do not require any manual operation.
• Low to no maintenance – maintenance cost of solar panels is meagre. Sometimes no maintenance is required.

Pros and cons of solar energy
How Costly is a Solar Power System
Top 5 Reasons to Use Solar Power
Does solar power have a future?
Solar Energy News
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]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/solar-energy/feed/ Pros and Cons of Solar Energy http://www.communitysmarts.com/pros-and-cons-of-solar-energy/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/pros-and-cons-of-solar-energy/#comments Sun, 24 May 2009 17:18:21 +0000 xtyclze http://www.communitysmarts.com/?p=175 As all other energy sources solar energy also has its own pros and cons.



The various pros of solar energy are as given below:

• Pollution free – The most important advantage is that it does not produce any harmful gases or effluents during power production. This is important in current context of growing importance of ozone layer depletion and global warming etc.

• Renewable source of energy – solar energy is the harnessing of energy received from the sun, thus it is renewable, and does not get over when used, unlike other fossil fuels which become lesser and lesser over time and becomes extinct completely.

• Energy can be harnessed in remote areas – The best feature of solar energy is that it can be harnessed in very remote areas, where every other form of energy production is risky or not possible at all. An example of this is the production of electricity in satellites.

• Does not require special area/place to install – Installation of solar panels does not require special or large areas, the panels can be installed in the roof tops of buildings.

• Free source to produce energy – Solar energy need not be bought, it is free of cost. The installation process is the only stage where money is spent.

• Dependence on fossil fuel is reduced – the emergence of solar energy has reduced the high dependence on the fossil fuels which is becoming very costly.

• Reduces health costs – increased use of solar energy reduces the cost spent on health indirectly because there is no emissions like carbon, sulphur di oxide, etc and also acid rains.

• Independent working – once installed the solar panels work on their own and do not require any manual operation.

• Low to no maintenance – maintenance cost of solar panels is meagre. Sometimes no maintenance is required.

The cons of solar energy are given below

• Initial cost – the cost of installing solar panels on houses is very high. It is sometimes of the tune of $10000 or above for good efficient cells. This makes it to be looked upon in a disadvantageous position when compared to coal and other conventional power production methods.

• Time of production – energy is produced only when suns heat is available i.e., during the day, also during cloudy days the production of power is very low on nil during nights.

• Weather dependent – during rainy and winter seasons the production of power is very less. This creates problem in areas where the seasonal changes are pronounced, making the cost of installation a waste.

• Effect of pollution – in locations where the air is polluted power production is seen to be reduced because the efficiency of solar cell becomes less.
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Mercury Mariner Premier 07 MARINER PREMIER V6 AWD MOON HEATER LEATHER PARK ASIS Mercury Mariner Premier 07 MARINER PREMIER V6 AWD MOON HEATER LEATHER PARK ASIS 11 Bids US $7,600.00 16m
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Mercury Mariner Luxury 07 V6 4WD MOON ROOF KEYLESS ALLOYS 34K ALLOYS HEATED Mercury Mariner Luxury 07 V6 4WD MOON ROOF KEYLESS ALLOYS 34K ALLOYS HEATED 10 Bids US $7,001.00 21m
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]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/pros-and-cons-of-solar-energy/feed/ Green Business Ideas http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-business-ideas/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-business-ideas/#comments Mon, 18 May 2009 03:53:53 +0000 xtyclze http://communitysmarts.com/?p=148
1) Build wind / solar power systems for people

Make solar power and wind power at home. You can offer this service to other people, and help them reduce their electricity bill. The earth4energy guide teaches you how to make a power producing solar panels and reduce your electricity bill.  Here's the guide.

2) Weatherize Homes and Businesses

You Can Make $1000 a week providing a very helpful and necessary service by weatherizing people's homes. Here is the 'how-to' guide, and here is a green product supplier for you.

3) Broker carbon credits and help individuals/companies reduce their carbon footprint

This is the fastest-growing financial specialties market in the world according to the New York Times. You can learn how to do it here.

4) Install geothermal heat pumps

Geothermal heating and cooling technology provides exceptional performance. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) agrees that a geothermal heat pump is the most energy-efficient, clean, and cost-effective space conditioning available. Learn how to install geothermal heat pumps here.

5) Recondition batteries

Start a business reconditioning Ni-Cd and NiMh batteries. Learn how here.

6) Build solar power water heaters

Solar hot water systems produce clean, non-polluting energy. A single hot water system can offset the equivalent of approximately 40% of the carbon dioxide emissions of a modern passenger car. They are safe for our environment, safe for plants, safe for animals and safe for all of us. Learn how to do this here.

7) Eco-Friendly house cleaning

Start a house cleaning service where you use eco-friendly cleaning products, and non-toxic housecleaning supplies.Here's a good article on some great eco-friendly house cleaning tips.

8) Brew biodiesel fuel

Watch this video how this process works.

9) Start a cell phone / PDA recycling business

Learn how to start a cell phone / pda recycling business here.

10) Start a paper recycling business

Some paper recyclers earn over $100,000 / year. Here's an article that explains more about this business opportunity.

11) Start a "Wet-Clean" Dry Cleaning Service

People are used to sending their clothes to dry cleaners, but most dry cleaning facilities are very harmful to the environment. People will drive out of their way to find an eco-friendly dry cleaning service. Here is an interesting study on this service.

12) Start an online business selling a green products

You can start an online business selling green products. By using a company like Doba, you don't need to carry your own inventory or ship out the products. Doba carries over 1 million brand name products from different wholesalers, who will drop ship for you. Doba has a 10 day free trial where you can check out their available products. You can learn more about here.

__________________________________________

Promote Your Green Business on the Internet
Create a Website for your Green Business

If you can create a word document, you have the skills to create a website on SnapMonkey. Take the 10 day free trial to see how you like it. If you like what you've created, you can activate your website for just $49 set up, and $29.95/month.

]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-business-ideas/feed/ Nuclear Power http://www.communitysmarts.com/nuclear-power/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/nuclear-power/#comments Sat, 09 May 2009 15:14:38 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=29 Controversy Over Nuclear Power as a Renewable Energy Source

In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy. He claimed that fast breeder reactors, fueled by uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. Nuclear energy has also been referred to as "renewable" by the politicians George W. Bush, Charlie Crist, and David Sainsbury.

Inclusion under the "renewable energy" classification could render nuclear power projects eligible for development aid under various jurisdictions. However, it has not been established that nuclear energy is inexhaustible, and issues such as peak uranium and uranium depletion are ongoing debates. No legislative body has yet included nuclear energy under any legal definition of "renewable energy sources" for provision of development support (see: Renewable energy development). Similarly, statutory and scientific definitions of renewable energies usually exclude nuclear energy. Commonly sourced definitions of renewable energy sources often omit or explicitly exclude nuclear energy sources as examples.

There are also environmental concerns over nuclear power, including the dangerous environmental hazards of nuclear waste and concerns that development of new plants cannot happen quickly enough to reduce CO2 emissions, such that nuclear energy is neither efficient nor effective in cutting CO2 emissions.

]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/nuclear-power/feed/ Diversification Plus http://www.communitysmarts.com/diversification-plus/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/diversification-plus/#comments Sat, 09 May 2009 15:12:41 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=26
Diversification

The U.S. electric power industry now relies on large, central power stations, including coal, natural gas, nuclear, and hydropower plants that together generate more than 95% of the nation’s electricity. Over the next few decades uses of renewable energy could help to diversify the nation’s bulk power supply. Already, appropriate renewable resources (which excludes large hydropower) produce 12% of northern California’s electricity.

Although most of today’s electricity comes from large, central-station power plants, new technologies offer a range of options for generating electricity nearer to where it is needed, saving on the cost of transmitting and distributing power and improving the overall efficiency and reliability of the system.

Improving energy efficiency represents the most immediate and often the most cost-effective way to reduce oil dependence, improve energy security, and reduce the health and environmental impact of the energy system. By reducing the total energy requirements of the economy, improved energy efficiency could make increased reliance on renewable energy sources more practical and affordable.

Other issues - Sustainability

Renewable energy sources are considered sustainable in the sense that they cannot "run out" as well as in the sense that their environmental and social impacts are generally more benign than those of fossil fuels. However, both biomass and geothermal energy require wise management if they are to be used in a sustainable manner. For all of the other renewables, almost any realistic rate of use would be unlikely to approach their rate of replenishment by nature.

Transmission

If renewable and distributed generation were to become widespread, electric power transmission and electricity distribution systems might no longer be the main distributors of electrical energy but would operate to balance the electricity needs of local communities. Those with surplus energy would sell to areas needing "top-ups". That is, network operation would require a shift from 'passive management' - where generators are hooked up and the system is operated to get electricity 'downstream' to the consumer - to 'active management', wherein generators are spread across a network and inputs and outputs need to be constantly monitored to ensure proper balancing occurs within the system. Some governments and regulators are moving to address this, though much remains to be done. One potential solution is the increased use of active management of electricity transmission and distribution networks. This will require significant changes in the way that such networks are operated.

However, on a smaller scale, use of renewable energy produced on site reduces burdens on electricity distribution systems. Current systems, while rarely economically efficient, have shown that an average household with an appropriately-sized solar panel array and energy storage system needs electricity from outside sources for only a few hours per week. By matching electricity supply to end-use needs, advocates of renewable energy and the soft energy path believe electricity systems will become smaller and easier to manage, rather than the opposite.

Market Development of Renewable Heat Energy

Renewable heat is the generation of heat from renewable sources. Much current discussion on renewable energy focuses on the generation of electrical energy, despite the fact that many colder countries consume more energy for heating than as electricity. In 2005 the United Kingdom consumed 354 TWh of electric power, but had a heat requirement of 907 TWh, the majority of which (81%) was met using gas. The residential sector alone consumed a massive 550 TWh of energy for heating, mainly in the form of gas. Almost half of the final energy consumed in the UK (49%) was in the form of heat.

Renewable electric power is becoming cheap and convenient enough to place it, in many cases, within reach of the average consumer. By contrast, the market for renewable heat is mostly inaccessible to domestic consumers due to inconvenience of supply, and high capital costs. Heating accounts for a large proportion of energy consumption, however a universally accessible market for renewable heat is yet to emerge. Solutions such as geothermal heat pumps may be more widely applicable, but may not be economical in all cases.

]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/diversification-plus/feed/ Green Energy Trends http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-energy-trends/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-energy-trends/#comments Sat, 09 May 2009 07:53:45 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=23
Trends With Renewable Energy

The renewable market will boom when cost efficiency attains parity with other competing energy sources. The following trends are a few examples by which the renewables market is being helped to attain critical mass so that it becomes competitive enough vs fossil fuels:

Other than market forces, renewable industry often needs government sponsorship to help generate enough momentum in the market. Many countries and states have implemented incentives — like government tax subsidies, partial copayment schemes and various rebates over purchase of renewables - to encourage consumers to shift to renewable energy sources. Government grants fund for research in renewable technology to make the production cheaper and generation more efficient.

Development of loan programs that stimulate renewable favoring market forces with attractive return rates, buffer initial deployment costs and entice consumers to consider and purchase renewable technology. A famous example is the solar loan program sponsored by UNEP helping 100,000 people finance solar power systems in India. Success in India's solar program has led to similar projects in other parts of developing world like Tunisia, Morocco, Indonesia and Mexico.

Imposition of fossil fuel consumption and carbon taxes, and channel the revenue earned towards renewable energy development.

Also oil peak and world petroleum crisis and inflation are helping to promote renewables.

Many think-tanks are warning that the world needs an urgency driven concerted effort to create a competitive renewable energy infrastructure and market. The developed world can make more research investments to find better cost efficient technologies, and manufacturing could be transferred to developing countries in order to use low labor costs. The renewable energy market could increase fast enough to replace and initiate the decline of fossil fuel dominance and the world could then avert the looming climate and peak oil crises.

Most importantly, renewables is gaining credence among private investors as having the potential to grow into the next big industry. Many companies and venture capitalists are investing in photovoltaic development and manufacturing. This trend is particularly visible in Silicon valley, California, Europe, Japan

Constraints & Opportunities

Critics suggest that some renewable energy applications may create pollution, be dangerous, take up large amounts of land, or be incapable of generating a large net amount of energy. Proponents advocate the use of "appropriate renewables", also known as soft energy technologies, as these have many advantages.

Availability & Reliability

There is no shortage of solar-derived energy on Earth. Indeed the storages and flows of energy on the planet are very large relative to human needs.

* Annual photosynthesis by the vegetation in the United States is 50 billion GJ, equivalent to nearly 60% of the nation’s annual fossil fuel use.
* The amount of solar energy intercepted by the Earth every minute is greater than the amount of energy the world uses in fossil fuels each year.
* The energy in the winds that blow across the United States each year could produce more than 16 billion GJ of electricity—more than one and one-half times the       electricity consumed in the United States in 2000.
* Tropical oceans absorb 560 trillion gigajoules (GJ) of solar energy each year, equivalent to 1,600 times the world’s annual energy use.

A criticism of some renewable sources is their variable nature. But renewable power sources can actually be integrated into the grid system quite well, as Amory Lovins explains:

Variable but forecastable renewables (wind and solar cells) are very reliable when integrated with each other, existing supplies and demand. For example, three German states were more than 30 percent wind-powered in 2007—and more than 100 percent in some months. Mostly renewable power generally needs less backup than utilities already bought to combat big coal and nuclear plants' intermittence.

The challenge of variable power supply may be readily alleviated by grid energy storage. Available storage options include pumped-storage hydro systems, batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, thermal mass and compressed air. Initial investments in such energy storage systems may be high, although the costs can be recovered over the life of the system.

Lovins goes on to say that the unreliability of renewable energy is a myth, while the unreliability of nuclear energy is real. Of all U.S. nuclear plants built, 21 percent were abandoned and 27 percent have failed at least once. Successful reactors must close for refueling every 17 months for 39 days. And when shut in response to grid failure, they can't quickly restart. This is simply not the case for wind farms, for example.

Wave energy and some other renewables are continuously available. A wave energy scheme installed in Australia generates electricity with an 80% availability factor.

Aesthetics

Both solar and wind generating stations have been criticized from an aesthetic point of view. However, methods and opportunities exist to deploy these renewable technologies efficiently and unobtrusively: fixed solar collectors can double as noise barriers along highways, and extensive roadway, parking lot, and roof-top area is currently available; amorphous photovoltaic cells can also be used to tint windows and produce energy. Advocates of renewable energy also argue that current infrastructure is less aesthetically pleasing than alternatives, but sited further from the view of most critics.

Environmental & Social Considerations

While most renewable energy sources do not produce pollution directly, the materials, industrial processes, and construction equipment used to create them may generate waste and pollution. Some renewable energy systems actually create environmental problems.

Land Area Required

Another environmental issue, particularly with biomass and biofuels, is the large amount of land required to harvest energy, which otherwise could be used for other purposes or left as undeveloped land. However, it should be pointed out that these fuels may reduce the need for harvesting non-renewable energy sources, such as vast strip-mined areas and slag mountains for coal, safety zones around nuclear plants, and hundreds of square miles being strip-mined for oil sands. These responses, however, do not account for the extremely high biodiversity and endemism of land used for ethanol crops, particularly sugar cane.

In the U.S., crops grown for biofuels are the most land- and water-intensive of the renewable energy sources. In 2005, about 12% of the nation’s corn crop (covering 11 million acres (45,000 km²) of farmland) was used to produce four billion gallons of ethanol—which equates to about 2% of annual U.S. gasoline consumption. For biofuels to make a much larger contribution to the energy economy, the industry will have to accelerate the development of new feedstocks, agricultural practices, and technologies that are more land and water efficient. Already, the efficiency of biofuels production has increased significantly and there are new methods to boost biofuel production.

Longevity Issues

Though a source of renewable energy may last for billions of years, renewable energy infrastructure, like hydroelectric dams, will not last forever, and must be removed and replaced at some point. Events like the shifting of riverbeds, or changing weather patterns could potentially alter or even halt the function of hydroelectric dams, lowering the amount of time they are available to generate electricity.

Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, eventually specific locations may cool down. It is likely that in these locations, the system was designed too large for the site, since there is only so much energy that can be stored and replenished in a given volume of earth. Some interpret this as meaning a specific geothermal location can undergo depletion.

The government of Iceland states: "It should be stressed that the geothermal resource is not strictly renewable in the same sense as the hydro resource." It estimates that Iceland's geothermal energy could provide 1700 MW for over 100 years, compared to the current production of 140 MW. Radioactive elements in the Earth's crust continuously decay, replenishing the heat. The International Energy Agency classifies geothermal power as renewable.

]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-energy-trends/feed/ Green Energy Market http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-energy-market/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-energy-market/#comments Sat, 09 May 2009 07:52:03 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=21
Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.

Renewable energy projects in many developing countries have demonstrated that renewable energy can directly contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting. Renewable energy can also contribute to education, by providing electricity to schools.

Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita (but not the number of watts added). More than 30,000 very small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya annually. For an investment of as little as $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day. More Kenyans adopt solar power every year than make connections to the country’s electric grid

Potential Future Utilization

Present renewable energy sources supply about 18% of current energy use and there is much potential that could be exploited in the future. There are many different ways to assess potentials. The theoretical potential indicates the amount of energy theoretically available for energy purposes, such as, in the case of solar energy, the amount of incoming radiation at the Earth's surface. The technical potential is a more practical estimate of how much could be put to human use by considering conversion efficiencies of the available technology and available land area. To give an idea of the constraints, the estimate for solar energy assumes that 1% of the world's unused land surface is used for solar power.

The technical potentials generally do not include economic or other environmental constraints, and the potentials that could be realized at an economically competitive level under current conditions and in a short time-frame is lower still.

Sustainable development and global warming groups propose a 100% Renewable Energy Source Supply, without fossil fuels and nuclear power. Scientists from the University of Kassel have been busy proving that Germany can power itself entirely by renewable energy.

]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/green-energy-market/feed/ Geothermal Energy http://www.communitysmarts.com/geothermal-energy/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/geothermal-energy/#comments Fri, 08 May 2009 23:25:08 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=19
What is GeoThermal Energy
What is Good and Bad about Geothermal Energy?
Watch a video on the Geothermal process
Geothermal Energy-Is it costly?
Using geothermal energy for your home
Does geothermal energy have a future?

Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, usually from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust. It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites. Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.

Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a generator. Flash plants take hot water, usually at temperatures over 200 °C, out of the ground, and allows it to boil as it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in steam/water separators and then runs the steam through a turbine. In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that spins the turbine.  The condensed steam and remaining geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.

The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in some areas than in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surface it may be used to generate electricity. Such geothermal power sources exist in certain geologically unstable parts of the world such as Chile, Iceland, New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy. The two most prominent areas for this in the United States are in the Yellowstone basin and in northern California. Iceland produced 170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000 through geothermal energy. Some 8000 MW of capacity is operational in total.

There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry rocks. Holes at least 3 km deep are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump water into the earth, while other holes pump hot water out. The heat resource consists of hot underground radiogenic granite rocks, which heat up when there is enough sediment between the rock and the earths surface. Several companies in Australia are exploring this technology.

Geothermal Energy Prospects

The Geysers, is a geothermal power field located 72 miles (116 km) north of San Francisco, California. It is the largest geothermal development in the world outputting over 750 MW.

By the end of 2005 worldwide use of geothermal energy for electricity had reached 9.3 GWs, with an additional 28 GW used directly for heating. If heat recovered by ground source heat pumps is included, the non-electric use of geothermal energy is estimated at more than 100 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) and is used commercially in over 70 countries. During 2005 contracts were placed for an additional 0.5 GW of capacity in the United States, while there were also plants under construction in 11 other countries.
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]]> http://www.communitysmarts.com/geothermal-energy/feed/ What is Biomass? http://www.communitysmarts.com/bio-fuels/ http://www.communitysmarts.com/bio-fuels/#comments Fri, 08 May 2009 23:21:40 +0000 Admin http://gogreen.siteflipmachine.com/?p=16
Using Biomass At Home
The Pros and Cons of using Biomass
Video on Biomass Technologies

Is Bioethanol all it’s cracked up to be?
4 Reasons why you should use biodiesel
Fuel from Cooking Oil, Are you Serious?

What is Biomass?

Human beings began the use of biomass for energy when our ancestors have learned about fire and how to use it particularly in cooking food.  Biomass is any natural thing that has been grown or has lived, excluding fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas and many more.  Biomass can be in the form of wood, straw, biological wastes, waste paper, organic wastes from food processing, livestock farming and so many others.  Biomass can be utilized to produce energy.  These can be burned, agitated and absorbed to provide energy.  All of these contain solar energy which combined into their carbon chemistry while they were still living.  And that energy can be liberated for human beings’ use without adding up to the carbon dioxide burden (global warming problem) on our planet as long as we continuously plant, breed, and grow sources of biological mass or biomass.

Moreover, biomass can be grown as a crop for fuel use.   If it has to be grown, it needs to be able to grow fast with little watering or fertilizer requirement and it has to be of high calorific value.  However, it is not a wise idea to rely from these sources to produce biomass for fuel use because most lands are used for food productions. An increase in biomass production will mean decrease in food production. There has to be some other sources where we can obtain biological mass.   Biomass can come in the form of biological wastes.  Since the whole world produces so many wastes which we even finding it hard to properly dispose off, why not use it for fuel use to make it useful.

Nowadays, people are being trained to separate their wastes into biodegradable and non-biodegradable.  Biomass can be segregated at source by the public by disseminating information through several mediums such as advertisements in televisions, announcements in newspapers and the like.  Garbage collections have now a separate collection for biological wastes, including food wastes.  Food wastes have the highest heat produce when burnt or digested, and they comprise between 15% and 25% of all household (domestic) waste by weight.

Unlike using fossil fuels to produce energy, biomass is a much less harmful to mankind and to our precious earth. Even if biomass fuels are readily available, people all over the world are hesitant to use it especially that most of it came from the biological wastes of the whole world.  They feel that it is not safe for mankind and the earth. They may have adverse effects on our environment but if we will compare it with massive use of fossil fuels, the adverse effects of using biomass fuel are much less than that of using fossil fuels.
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